We now come to the conveyance by water, the ships.

The simplest vessel, the djukung, is nothing more than a hollowed out tree trunk; this is shown on two reliefs, Ia 1 15, and Ib 82, in the first scene it is being used as a ferry‑boat. There it has a characteristic curved stem flattened horizontally at the top; the line of the stern is vertical, with a sloping flattening, a shape that is still seen in the Archipelago with this kind of boat. There is a projecting piece under the stern that must not be regarded as a keel,—boats like this have a more or less round bottom, not a keel—it is nothing more than a strengthening of the stern to support the pressure of the rudder. The rudder itself is the old double sort slung at the head and lashed on each side of the stern. An awning on four poles is fastened to the vessel and on the roof of this is a long pole with what seems to be a forked end (the relief is there damaged); another pronged pole is fixed in the river‑bank; to this tile boat is fastened with a rope. The prong might be intended to lean on while punting, but more likely it is meant to prevent the pole from getting stuck. The it ukung on Ib 82 is drawn up on land and being loaded with valuables. The bow of this one is pointed, the rudder is not seen outside the stern, it has probably been pulled up because the boat is not in the water; this part of the relief is too much damaged to see distinctly. The "strengthening" can be seen here as well.

The outrigger ship can be seen on five reliefs. This type with its high stem and stern resembles the kura‑kura of the Moluccas that are mentioned in the earliest descriptions of European travellers; they were i built there in large size already before the arrival of Europeans. 

First the one strewn on Ib 86. The outriggers are made of a compound float, held in position by three straight and three curved booms, on the top of the float are crossrails, maybe to hold them in the sloping position or perhaps intended as seats for the crew in a strong wind to give the vessel more stability, as is still the custom at the present day. There are openwork bullwarks fore and aft made of round spars sloped upwards as if to break the force of the waves. There is a gallery built out over the stern with a sailor on it, a construction that also appears at Ajanta, used by tile crew when cargo fills up the boat as well as for working and storing the anchors. At stem and stern we see the wings with the peculiar "eyes" under them, the one possibly as symbol of speed, the other keeping watch over the water—these are also found at Aj an. f. a and are quite common in the Archipelago on the kura‑kura's in the East corner of Java, the prahu's at Batavia, the Chinese junks etc. The rudder is placed on one side of the stern, perhaps there was another at the other side. A deck‑house with an awning is between the two masts; the front angst is the largest, both consist of two spars raked forward, rigged by ropes fore and aft; on other reliefs strewing outrigger ships it can be seen that the masts have rungs for going aloft. The top of the mast where the two points join and where the ropes run through, is bent back and has a tuft‑shaped ornament that rescrnbles the bundles of coloured string or fibre on the pedukawangs of Macassar. Both masts have a square‑sail, at the bow is another sail, something like the "blinde" on old Dutch vessels; it seems to be threecornered, fastened at the top to the washstrake with one brace to the bowsprit and the other on the portside.

After this detailed description, the other outrigger ships may be treated concisely. On lb 88 they are rowing, the six oars can be seen, the rowers are evidently 'tween decks. The wings are only visible in front where the washstrake has a curious buffer; the second mast seems to be a single spar; the tops of the masts are ornamented with carvings). In Ib 108 there is a small boat in front of tile big vessel, probably meant for landing the passengers and crew.

The outrigger of the large ship has four pairs of booms, while the top of the float to w hich some one is holding, is single; besides the oars some of the rowers' heads can be seen. At the foremast the coupling block of the two spars with the holes for the ropes is quite distinct. Notice the flags at bow and stern and the pennant in the top of the larger mast, it shows the direction of the wind, the same as the puffed‑out sails. The sail at the bow, fastened on two yards, is square and required two bowsprits, at the end of the one in sight sits a sailor holding one of the braces; here is also some circular object with a sort of rosette not yet identified. The little boat looks very like the djukungs but has a higher deck; the ship is onemasted, with a square sail, and sailors are holding the braces attached to the end of the yards. The "eyes" can be seen too on the bow of the vessel.

We get a smaller outrigger ship on Ib 53, without a deckhouse and with not such elaborate washstrakes; they are made of single curved booms and a double latticed floating. The wings and eyes are very distinct; there is a man at the helm. N office the rowlocks, the railing leaning inwards,the ~Damboo washstrakes at bow and stern and the gratings fixed on them. The masts consist of two poles and the rungs can be seen; there is an ornament like a four‑leaved clover in front of the bowsprit, talc same sort of object which appeared on the preceding relief. The sailors are taking in sails, the one at the bow has evidently been taken down. The last of the outrigger ships is on II 41, a one‑masted ship, the deck house very distinct; oars and heads of the rowers here also to be seen, the position of the head shews that the rowing is done by pushing not pulling. The coupling of the mast has a cushion shaped block on it; something different arc the short derricks or round poles on the deck fore and aft, the latter with a flag on it. There is no bowsprit, perhaps there was no room for it. Here too the sails are being lowered, the washstrakes fore and aft are rcmarkably high on this boat.

Finally we get three vessels, strong enough to do without outriggers; they are something like the djanggolan's of ILast Java, e.g. in the row of small blocks (or beam heads?) on the outsicle. Talc line of the bow is sloping, the stern vertical, the same as in the djukungs; Clay arc all onemasted and the mast is not compound. The rudder is not strewn. On Ib 23 part of the crew are hoisting or loo cring the sails on the mast' others are fishing. Below the blocks is SOlilC circular decoration. The ship on IB a 54 is very much damaged, it has one mast and a bellying square sail with a sailor sitting on its lower yard. The vessel on IBa 193, where a drowning man is being hauled on board, seems to be a little different to the others, there is evidently a gallery built out over the stern, on which a man is standing who might be the helmsman. The bow also seems to have a gallery, the beam heads are missing. The mast has a square sail, is raked forward and rigged fore and aft.

Mr. van Erp concludes in his review that evidently the largest kind of seaboats were built with outriggers and these were principally used for traffic. In contrast to Hornell's view that the winged vessels on Barabudur represent a local Javanese type, he considers these vessels in general have a Hindu character, but the compound masts shew Indonesian influence, perhaps to be traced to Mongolian origin.

Taking all together the boats on Barabudur offer a notable contribution to our knowledge of the shipping of those times, the morevaluable because the larger‑sized outrigger vessels with rowlocks and highsloping stem and stern have not survived in the present day Archipelago.