As for craftsmanship the most remarkable scene is the bridgebuilding on IV 46

Samanta Series IV Plate XXIII 46 3991b.JPG Samanta

. The bridge is being laid over a swiftly-flowing river, and is apparently made of bamboo; though the relief is rather damaged and the bridge is far too small in proportion to the men who are working at it, yet the sculptor shows clearly how he intends to construct it. It must be/ taken from life, for in the interior of the country it can be seen at the present day that these kind of bridges are still used. It is three-cornered in shape; bamboo-poles, fixed into the ground on both banks of the stream! and bound firmly together at the top, form tile two sides and hold the N base that is the actual bridge. The workmen are just fixing it at the top; the tools that some of them have near them are not distinctly to be seen, but the pickaxe on the Bodhisattva's shoulder is quite clear. The square tools carried by the men on O 5, 118, 122

####No Reference found O, 5 Series O Plate XV 118 899b.JPG	Series O Plate XVI 122 918a.JPG

, and IBa 154

balustrade Series IBa Plate XVIII 154 1736.JPG balustrade

have been taken for ploughs, but most likely they are the beams for the carpenter; if this is correct,—the relief at Prambanan where workmen are making the scaffold for a cremation makes it probable)—, then the tools that look like crow-bars, carried by the men on IBa 154

balustrade Series IBa Plate XVIII 154 1736.JPG balustrade

, together with the beams, probably also belong to the carpenter's work.

Another example of work that can be clearly understood is the potter's on IBb 107

####No Reference found IBb, 107

. On one side we see the jars already made, on the other side the potter is at work, using a flat stick to get a good shape. Bearers with carrying-poles are bringing large round balls, it may be clay or gourds with water. Women and children are looking on just as natives always do. The same is to be seen on Ib 98

main wall Series Ib Plate XLIX 98 1206b.JPG main wall

, but it is not possible to make out distinctly what is going on. An old man with a square hammer is hitting a small object that he holds between his thumb and forefinger on a kind of carpenter's bench; another man has a tool like a chisel in his hand and seems to be working at some small objects that are laid in front of him on a broad flat block. On Ib 51

main wall Series Ib Plate XXVI 51 1182a.JPG main wall

craftsmen are probably making the little kinnara's that seem to figure in the story; one of them is working at these images with a straight stick, another has a bow-shaped tool in his hand, a third is hacking at a long piece of wood with a sort of pickaxe. In another scene, O 30

Series O Plate IV 30 675a.JPG	Series O Plate IV 30 675a.JPG

, a man is sitting with a tool on his shoulder that looks like a hammer, perhaps an adze to judge by one edge being blunt the other sharp; he is not using it so that we cannot see what work it is made for.

In describing Ib 2

main wall Series Ib Plate I 2 1157b.JPG main wall

I remarked that the man who walks in front of the troop going into the forest, holding a peculiar kind of knife first bent into a right angle and then having a broad curved point, must be there to cut out a path: the same kind of knife with the name "siwah" is still in use in the Lampongs l) and found in Madura as well, while several kinds of kudi shapes shew unmistakeable resemblance to it. Grass cutters are always easily recognised by their tied-up b~mdles of grass and their tool, on O 117

Series O Plate XV 117 900b.JPG

a reaping-hook, on IBa 21

balustrade Series IBa Plate III 21 1594.JPG balustrade

, a sickle. For Ia 90

Life of Buddha Series Ia Plate XLV 90 2600b.JPG Life of Buddha

, we must rely on the text that the man is a grass-cutter, for he is pulling it with his hands, not cutting, supposing the relief is correctly identified.

In the series on the buried base, twice we come across a man whom we are in doubt about, whether he belongs to the handicrafts or trade. He appears on O 39, 50 and 97

Series O Plate V 39 696b.JPG	Series O Plate VII 50 733a.JPG
Series O Plate XIII 97 857a.JPG

, with a stand made of bamboo that has a semicircular lump of something on it, and legs formed by poles that split into prongs at the bottom so that it can be carried OI1 the owner's back or fixed up in the ground. Such portable stalls are not uncommon; they are still found in use nearly the same in construction, for instance in Middle-Sumatra. What there is on them is not very distinct; on O 39

Series O Plate V 39 696b.JPG

there seem to be a couple of fishes hanging at the side, on O 97

Series O Plate XIII 97 857a.JPG

a pair of birds are next to it. In the first case we might take the man to be a travelling food-seller and the round object would be the basket-cover kept over the food, but neither of the reliefs shew anything to confirm this idea, and the birds make us think they may have been the objects preserved under the cover. Moreover the "basket" on 50 is so flat that it does not look like a basket, but more like a whetstone. In short, it is better not to guess about it; possibly these are not always meant for the same kind of traders.

There were of course literary men and artists in the society here depicted, as some of the scenes shew. Reliefs have already been described where teaching is going on; I will now mention scenes where books appear, O 77, 79

Series O Plate X 77 797a.JPG	Series O Plate X 79 797b.JPG

—82, 84; 85, Ia 3, 38

Life of Buddha Series Ia Plate II 3 2557a.JPG Life of Buddha	Life of Buddha Series Ia Plate XIX 38 2574b.JPG Life of Buddha

, IBb 72, 110, 126, 128

####No Reference found IBb, 72 ####No Reference found IBb, 110 ####No Reference found IBb, 126 ####No Reference found IBb, 128

, IIB 7, 8, 25, 33, 34

Awad-Jatakas Series IIB Plate I 7 3534a.JPG Awad-Jatakas	Awad-Jatakas Series IIB Plate I 8 3534b.JPG Awad-Jatakas
Awad-Jatakas Series IIB Plate V 25 3541b.JPG Awad-Jatakas	Awad-Jatakas Series IIB Plate VI 33 3544b.JPG Awad-Jatakas
Awad-Jatakas Series IIB Plate VII 34a 3545a.JPG Awad-Jatakas

, III 56

Maitreya Series III Plate XXVIII 56 3133b.JPG Maitreya

, IIIB 8, 9

####No Reference found IIIB, 8 ####No Reference found IIIB, 9

. The books correspond to the well-known kropak shape; they open into loose leaves held in the hand, and when closed are bound round in the usual way with bands; three straight ones at both ends or across the middle or slantwise across the whole book. Sometimes a rosette can be seen, probably an ornament on the cover. When necessary, books are laid on stands or trays or may be, if IBb 10

####No Reference found IBb, 10

really shows a book D, on a small three-legged table. Once or twice at homagepaying ceremonies, objects are being carried which look like two books tied together with cross-bands; they are really larger than ordinary books, so perhaps only meant for oblong boxes; there is of course no reason why only books should be tied together in this way. These things are found on II 55

De Gandawyuha Series II Plate XXVIII 55 3029.JPG De Gandawyuha

and III 49

Maitreya Series III Plate XXV 49 3130a.JPG Maitreya

. An unfolded letter, oblong in shape with an edge to it, is to be seen on Ib 65

main wall Series Ib Plate XXXIII 65 1190b.JPG main wall

.

We see that portraits were not unknown, by Ib 22 and 23

main wall Series Ib Plate XI 22 1167b.JPG main wall	main wall Series Ib Plate XII 23 1168a.JPG main wall

, and Ib 70

main wall Series Ib Plate XXXV 70 1192a.JPG main wall

where a portrait of the Buddha though rolled up and not visible is being escorted with due honor and respect by a procession. There is a small carved Bodhisattva image in a niche on the roof of a building on III 34

Maitreya Series III Plate XVII 34 3122b.JPG Maitreya

; Ib 54

main wall Series Ib Plate XXVII 54 1183b.JPG main wall

probably shews us a picture in painting also fixed on the upper storey of a building).