Britain and the Sea:
I have suggested some broad and some focussed topics, with the broader ones
probably capable of spawning a whole variety of essays should you so wish. Of course,
there is no reason why essays should necessarily be all the same length, or
contain the same number of illustrations. I envisage that some pieces could
be thought of as "deep text", with others more-or-less a set of captions to
focus a series of images. Which is which would depend on the interests of the
proposed authors, who should be invited (they'll probably demand anyway!) to
choose their own exact targets. Thus because the complexion of the collection
will be determined by the authors you get to contribute, I haven't thought it
necessary to make every section the same number of essays but, rather, simply
suggested what seem to me to be suitable topics. Other authors, knowing more
about marine art than myself, will certainly suggest a different range.
Below, I have in some cases given two
or three works by their artist and BHC numbers to demonstrate the flavour of what I
have in mind. In others (where I don't know the material, or where the themes are
very broad, the authors could choose their own works). Again, some of the following
items might be filled by getting reproduction permission for chapters/sections of
books.
The rationale for casting the net so broadly is provided in a page dedicated
to coverage.
Very Broad Themes
- importance of the sea in the British identity; for a 20th century
perspective try Lewis Johnman, (Westminster), interested in 20th c.
British & international economic history; 20th c. British industrial
& business history; British maritime history;
- the mechanics of commissioning, making, exhibiting and selling works of art, if
possible divided by century, perhaps with a focus on the 18th and 19th centuries; this
should of course concentrate on the how and the why of maritime art as the
Catalogue says, and really needs somebody who works in archives to make a
good job of it;
- the ideologies of maritime art - again, as the Catalogue says, a maritime
painting stands as a document not simply of what it depicts but of its
ideological input and output too. This theme could be treated either broadly, or
by a close study of one or two paintings; NB the wider horizons of ideology
will require study of works beyond paintings, such as prints and newspapers;
- how artworks relate together: paintings with prints; watercolours with paintings;
- how artworks relate to the events or situations they help publicize; try
John C. R. Childs, (Leeds), interested in War in modern world 1500-1995;
- nature of life and work at sea through the paintings;
- the iconography of maritime atlases: atlases were an important item
of national/discovery prestige, and sumptuously done: how about a piece on Blaeu's
Atlas?;
- how to depict sea battles? i.e. no decisive moment as needed
for history painting on land; try Andrew D. Lambert, Lect. in War Stud.,
King's College, University of London (Dept. of War Studies);
- trade and war -> struggle with Dutch, American colonies; try Jonathan I. Israel, Prof. of Dutch Hist. & Institutions
University College, University of London (Dept. of History);
- ships as historical documents: what can we learn about ships in historical time from
paintings of them?
- ships as archaeological documents: what can we learn about ships in earlier times from
their archaeology? Try John S. Illsley, (Bangor), interested in history & archaeology
of the ship 2000 B.C.-1500 A.D.;
- the previous two might conflate into a piece on The archaeology of ships versus
ships in paintings: try David J.L. Gibbins, Lect. in Anc. Hist. & Classical
Archaeol. University of Liverpool (School of Archaeology, Classics & Oriental Studies);
Overviews
- that is to say, themes which often last for centuries, and within which the
authors could find a particular area on which to focus, should they so wish.
Again, each suggestion in this category is capable of spawning several
very different essays! It would be interesting, for example, to see
two people doing trade - one 18th-century, one 19th-century.
- British overseas trade and its protection in war and peace; try David M. Williams, Sen. Lect. in Econ. & Soc. Hist.,
University of Leicester (Dept. of Economic & Social History) (research interest in maritime history since
1750); or try Richard H. Harding, Principal Lecturer, University of Westminster (Faculty of
Business & Management (Harrow);
- The Allegorical Portrait: e.g. Gascard's James II (BHC2797),
Francken's Ships distracted by mermaids (BHC0708), in order to explicate how
allegory - just like the depiction of action - allows paintings to tell
a sophisticated story;
- Marine paintings and the history of fashion: Margaret Scott,
Courtauld Institute, University of London (interested in dress history);
- Romanticism in marine painting: Professor William Vaughan, Birkbeck
College, University of London (especially interested in Romanticism, German painting);
- The painting of port-scenes in the British and French traditions:
Philip Conisbee, National Gallery of Art, Washington DC (expert on Vernet
and French painting);
- Shipwrecks form a strong category, much beloved of the
flagellatory Romantic period, although there are much earlier examples - e.g.
van Wieringen's Wreck of the Amsterdam (BHC0724), Dodd's series of the Loss of the
Ramillies (BHC2212, 2213, 2214, 2215, 2217);
- British 18th marine painting and the landscape tradition:
Michael J. H. Liversidge, Art History, University of Bristol;
- Women all at sea: serving the Royal Navy in the 19th century: Lynda Nead,
Birkbeck College, University of London (representations of femininity in
19thC Britain); include Ibbetson's Sailors carousing (BHC1090);
- pirates and piracy might make a good topic, if it can be kept non-sensational,
and perhaps linked to trade, the Spanish silver fleet, Drake etc? Try
John R. Fisher, (Liverpool), interested in Spanish imperial policy; Peru 18th-19th c.;
Technical Section
Maritime art can tell us a lot about the technical aspects of ships at
sea - aspects which most people today know nothing about (cf. Francis Drake
reading a website about motor cars). So the idea of this section is to
provide a visual parallel to some of the great events and their reflections
in quality fiction from C.S. Forester to Patrick O'Brian.
- Maritime science in maritime art: the paintings of the NMM:
Professor Martin Kemp, University of Oxford (specialist on science in art);
- Ships in action: how naval battles were fought: using e.g.
the Armada painting at BHC0262, Wou's Battle of Scheveningen at 0279, almost
any of the great 18th century battles, including a whole suite by
Whitcombe (e.g. 0445, 0446, 0505), and Dodd's Copenhagen (BHC0526);
plus attacks on board individual ships, such as
Jones' Nelson at Cape S Vincent (BHC0492), and Drummond's Rogers capturing
the Jeune Richard (BHC0579), as well as his Surrender at camperdown (BHC0506);
plus attack onto land, e.g.Willaerts' Squadron attacking a Spanish fortress
at BHC0801, and Jones' Manning the Guns (BHC1079); and to complete
naval actions, amphibious landings, e.g. the 17thC landings at Torbay
and Carrickfergus, 0330 & 0326;
- Since I would guess O'Brian's work has had a good influence on
attendance figures at the NMM, might an essay on him and his work be in order?
And perhaps pairing it with:
- Fighting a Ship in the Revolutionary Wars: Would it be possible
(and worth it?) to get permission to quote some O'Brian extracts to
go with an essay on this subject? I assume plenty
of people come to ships and the sea through O'Brian's (almost cult) works
as, in the past, one did via Swallows and Amazons or The Riddle
of the Sands. People appear to take such "technical" books very seriously;
so that The Patrick O'Brian Companion sits beside other historical
novel series (Flashman et al);
Narrower Topics listed chronologically within type
Portraiture
- A setting-the-scene piece surveying Naval Portraiture
could include not only the artists named below, but also Copley,
Dobson, Abbott, Beechey and Romney;
- Lely, Kneller, Dobson, Dahl and naval art, using e.g. Lely's 2949 and
Kneller's 2611; - will make a good pair with the
Reynolds item (below); together with Dahl's work, makes an excellent
suite;
- Joshua Reynolds and the Sea Captains: David M. Mannings,
University of Aberdeen (researches on Reynolds); as well as treating the
iconography/allegory of such portraits, might go well with some
of the works of JS Copley, such as 2670 & 2705;
- Gainsborough's John Montagu, 4th Earl Sandwich, and the Italian
tradition of portraiture (BHC3009) is worth an essay to itself, which
would include not only the many works of similar type (e.g. Kneller,
Reynolds), but also perhaps pit this Gainsborough favourably against
other works by this great portraitist;
- Hogarth's Portrait of Inigo Jones or Hogarth and the
Conversation Piece, the former concentrating on BHC2810, the latter
on 2720 & 2973; this should include Dobson's Inigo Jones (BHC2809),
and his Portrait of a Royalist (BHC3133) if the latter is a good
painting (Dobson is an excellent painter, but I don't remember seeing this
work);
- Portraits of ships: I imagine ships got their portraits painted
in much the same manner as racehorses. Is there scope here for an essay
on theis question?
War, Invasion, etc
- The Bayeux Tapestry and the Invasion of England: important for
us to locate art with history/politics, and to inculcate the notion of works
of art as (sometimes important) documents whether in fact or in propaganda;
and this is a vivid way of so doing; try perhaps Simon L. Adams, (Strathclyde),
interested in 16th-17th c. Elizabethan politics & foreign policy; or try him
for the Armada piece below;
- The Armada using English School's BHC0262, Gheeraerts' Drake at BHC2662,
and his Earl of Essex at 2681; are there prints and drawings which could also
be used for this item? Try C.L. Todd Gray, dept of History, University of
Exeter (interested in 16th & 17thC British maritime history); or
Susan Rose, Sen. Lect. teaching 15th-16th c. Brit. & Eur., Naval History,
Roehampton Institute, London (Dept. of History);
- Aleccio's series on The Siege of Malta; could be themed as an
introduction to the Christan struggle against the Turks (which took up a
large amount of Philip II's energies); try Roger Morriss, (Exeter), interested
in Early Mod. & Mod. Maritime & Naval Hist.;
- The War Artist from Napoleon to WWII: as well as specific essays on
individual periods (see below), an overview essay could be used to demonstrate
changing fashions and horizons, linked of course with propaganda and sometimes
censorship. Such an essay would perforce include photography and film amongst
its examples; in which case try Alan P. Williams, (Westminster), interested
in Film & propaganda in Britain;
Docks, Ports, Harbours, Rivers
- Greenwich in the Italian Manner: Canaletto's BHC1827:; compare
it with van Wittel's Naples in BHC1900. This is a painting that deserves
an item to itself, so deal with the tradition of vedute;
- Shipbuilding and naval dockyards: J. Cleveley's BHC 3762,
J. Marshall's 3323, Farington's views of Chatham (1782) and
Deptford (1874); Whitcombe's Shipbuilding on the Thames (BHC1781);
Holman's views of a Thames shipyard (BHC1059) andf Blackwall Yard (BHC1866);
- Historical topography of ports etc: what can marine paintings
tell us about the dispositions - defences, fortresses, warehouses, etc -
of British and foreign ports? Try Sarah B. Palmer, (Greenwich), interested in
19th-20th c. European ports & industry;
Exploration, Trade and Travel
- Needs an introduction on Britain and the Discovery of the World,
providing an overview of exploration, maps and charts, and trading setups,
and emphasising what other naval powers were doing; there are plenty
of paintings in the NMM collections to develop a wide-ranging and interesting
essay, and objects and documents from the collections are
especially appropriate here; try Jeremy M. Black, (Exeter), interested in
Early Mod. Warfare; international relations; historical atlases;
- William Hodges: his work in the 18th century context: Michael
Rosenthal, University of Warwick (interested in English art and
exploration, and in the culture of colonialism); or give it to Geoffrey
Quilley, Art History, University of Leicester (also interested in art and
colonialism);
Politics and Propaganda
- iconography of marine painting -> control and possession;
contention with foreign powers; internal/external propaganda;
- maritime painting at the Royal Academy and the French Salons;
try Nicholas A.M. Rodger, Resident Fellow in History, (specialising in maritime
history) University of Exeter (Department of History);
- Artists and war: first "on the spot" works under Napoleon, but then focus on
the War Artists schemes for WWI & WWII. These should include photography and
film, the rationale for so doing being that these are just new media in which
propaganda (of various kinds) may be expressed; try David Gates, (Lancaster), interested
in Eur. Milit. Hist. Napoleonic Wars; Seven Years' War;
- The propaganda of colonialism: is there sufficient material
for the "selling" of the colonies via paintings of new worlds? Try
Trevor Burnard, (Brunel University), interested in Amer. Colonial Hist.,
West Indies; slavery; 18th c. America; or try Jenel
Virden, (Hull), interested in Immigration, war & society;
- British seapower paintings as propaganda (choose dates): Professor Marcia
Pointon, Dept of History of Art, University of Manchester;
- propaganda in the maritime art of the Revolutionary Wars: - whether implicit
(Britain's greatness) or explicit (Britain will beat or has beaten Enemy X);
try ASlan I. Forrest, Alan I. (York), interested in the French Revolution,
provincial history, citizenship, and military culture;
- Rule Britannia in prints: Any treatment of propaganda will require
treatment of prints - i.e. the medium through which propaganda percolates to the masses. Not to build
in prints at this stage would be to omit a very important element in the
"machinery" of art history; try Ray Sibbald, (De Montfort, Leicester), interested in
18th c. Russia, 18th-19th c. warfare, and The army & navy of Peter the Great;
- The Genre of the Sea: 19thC bursts of naval pride: using such as Davidson's
Pensioner's Story (1815), and his England's Pride and Glory (1811)
Like Antique Gods and heroes
- Setting the scene for this section,
Naval art and the antique, from Augustus to Nelson: would deal
with the influence of the classical tradition, not just as a subject
for paintings (e.g. Battle of Actium, in Castro's BHC0251, through Reynolds'
Keppel (2832), based on the Apollo Belvedere, to the several
Nelson deathbed scenes, e.g. Devis' 2894, based on classical
sarcophagi; in addition, many naval portraits derive ultimately
from classical sculpture - a fact underlined by the rampant classicism
of the tombs of the Revolutionary Wars in S. Paul's - the Pantheon of
the British to parallel (quite deliberately) the Pantheon in Paris;
the Monument to Capt. Faulknor at BHC2317 is an excellent example
of the type;
- Nelson and the heroes of the Napoleonic Wars: Alison Yarrington,
History of Art Dept., University of Leicester; should deal not just
with painting, but with sculpture as well, naturally including Trafalgar
Square and similar ensembles; might also introduce a comparative
iconography of Wellington and Napoleon;
- Napoleon and Wellington are very thinly represented in the
paintings collection; but an essay on Popular Prints of the
Revolutionary Wars would be interesting;
- Death and Apotheosis in naval Art: plenty here, such as
Drummond's Death of Nelson (BHC0547);
Coherent Series
- Westall's series on Nelson (e.g. BHC0421, 0498, 2908)
might well have antique origins but, in any case, would go well on
their own as Heroic Deeds in Frieze Format - i.e. the influence of the
antique frieze, which is very popular in sculpture in the 18th/19th centuries;
- The Greenwich Hospital Collection Paul Spencer-Longhurst, Barber
Institute, University of Birmingham (interested in British/French art
1750-1850, and in the history of collecting);
- Turner's Battle of Trafalgar and its companion-piece PJ de
Loutherbourg's Glorious First of June: Professor Luke Herrmann,
The Coombs, Clipston near Market Harborough, Northants (professor Emeritus,
University of Leicester);
- The Ingram and Palmer collections might deserve an essay to
themselves; Professor Luke Herrmann might be asked if he thinks there is an
essay here: he used to work for Bruce Ingram;
- The War Artists Collection at the NMM: Andrew Causey, Dept. of
Art History, University of Manchester;
- Netherlandish marine art certainly deserves an essay to itself because,
as the catalogue, says, it is now better represented at Greenwich than
anywhere else in the world;
Architecture and Things Naval
- The Royal Naval Hospital Greenwich, and the Chelsea Hospital:
Christine M. Stevenson, University of reading (interested in hospital architecture);
might use Danckerts' view of Greenwich (1818), and Griffier's ditto at 1817 & 1833,
plus the anonymous 1834; any discussion of the site should deal with
its 'royalty', e.g. by using the anonymous BHC4168, an important document showing
Greenwich Palace; ditto the anonymous 1820, which also shows the Tudor palace;
- Greenwich: the architecture of the town: John Newman, Courtauld
Institute (British architecture, 16thc onwards);
- Jones, Wren, Vanbrugh etc and the architecture of maritime Greenwich: ask
jeremy Wood, Jeremy.Wood@nottingham.ac.uk, Lecturer in School of History &
Art History;
Maritime Museums in the New Millennium
This seems to me a very useful section to have, given the large number
of university courses dealing with Museum Studies, and hence of students
who study the mechanics and strategy of collecting. Perhaps here is also
the place for treatments of some of the individual collections, mentioned above.
The problems associated with custodianship of large quantities of works: how are
they stored, catalogued, displayed? Why display one rather than another? How
can the (lost) context be explicated? Try Christopher Reid, (Portsmouth), interested
in Economy & the environment in modern Britain, and maritime history;
- The Museum is Dead - Long Live the Web?? Or, how and why museums are changing
to meet new requirements and expectations. But can the Web replace physical
museums? if not, say why not!
- Is there enough interesting material on how and why certain collections
came to the NMM? This, in itself, could be a reflection of the history of taste.
One candidate might well be the Greenwich Hospital Collection, donated specifically
to laud British naval achievements;
- great events/wars seen through paintings;
- the 18thC navy through comical prints: comic prints and comic-strips
were very popular in the 18th/19th centuries and, again, would show how the great
propaganda pitches (and battles) percolated into comedy for the masses, just as they
did into sentimentality and theatre;
- Naval Ceremonial: such as Willaerts' Embarcation of the Elector
Palatine at Dover (BHC0266);
- The Revolutionary Wars in the NMM's collections: Thomas Munck,
University of Glasgow (interested in the French Revolution, and the
social history of the Enlightenment);
- The Siege of Malta in the paintings of Matteo Aleccio: Anthony
Luttrell would be one to do it; but I can't find him on the web!
- use of the sea in exploration and discovery, hence in the increase of knowledge;
- the various roles of maritime museums?
- Naval panoramas: - showing the popularity of marine painting and
naval exploits. The great 18th and 19th century large-scale panoramas
were very popular, and perhaps the popular-cum-theatrical version of the huge canvasses
of battle scenes, and also of the great touring paintings, of which
Gericault's Raft of the Medusa was the most famous; Richard Altick's
The Shows of London (1978) documents the craze;
- There might be scope for a piece on The Napoleonic Wars and the
Theatre - i.e. the popular propagandising of exploits;